Vault-13

DMC GLOBAL INC BOOM

COM · Common Stock · CUSIP 23291C103

Metalworking business

125 institutional holders -6 vs Q4 2023
15,318,05415.3m shares reported held*
76.7% of all shares outstanding*
$298.6mreported value*
21 new 52 added 38 reduced 28 sold out net sold ≈ $19.0m (-974.1k shares)

* Summed across managers. Shares that two managers' reports both contain – a subsidiary's holdings that its parent's report includes too, or a sub-adviser's in its client's – are counted once ($3.1m this quarter). Holder counts are more reliable. Shares outstanding: 20.0m as of 2024-04-30, from the company's own SEC filing; the percentage can still exceed 100%: lent-out shares are counted by the lender and the buyer, and some reports overlap without saying so. Implied quarter-end price ≈ $19.49. Options: 5 managers hold calls ($1.5m notional), 5 hold puts ($656.1k).

Trends to Q1 2024

Institutional holders

Managers reporting a position, each quarter

050100150Q3 22: 122Q4 22: 125Q1 23: 137Q2 23: 133Q3 23: 136Q4 23: 131Q1 24: 125125Q3 22Q1 23Q3 23Q1 24
Numbers
QuarterHolders
Q3 2022122
Q4 2022125
Q1 2023137
Q2 2023133
Q3 2023136
Q4 2023131
Q1 2024125

Buyers vs sellers

Managers adding to or starting a position, vs cutting or selling out

Bought or addedCut or sold out
1000100Q4 22: 72 bought or addedQ4 22: 49 cut or sold outQ4 22Q1 23: 58 bought or addedQ1 23: 69 cut or sold outQ1 23Q2 23: 78 bought or addedQ2 23: 72 cut or sold outQ2 23Q3 23: 73 bought or addedQ3 23: 72 cut or sold outQ3 23Q4 23: 69 bought or addedQ4 23: 68 cut or sold outQ4 23Q1 24: 73 bought or addedQ1 24: 66 cut or sold outQ1 24
Numbers
QuarterBought or addedCut or sold out
Q4 20227249
Q1 20235869
Q2 20237872
Q3 20237372
Q4 20236968
Q1 20247366

Calls vs puts

Options held, notional value, last 4 quarters. P/C = puts ÷ calls

CallsPuts
$0$500k$1m$1.5m$2mQ2 23 calls: $74.5kQ2 23 puts: $405.2kQ2 23P/C 5.44Q3 23 calls: $1.1mQ3 23 puts: $1.8mQ3 23P/C 1.59Q4 23 calls: $280.4kQ4 23 puts: $391.5kQ4 23P/C 1.40Q1 24 calls: $1.5mQ1 24 puts: $656.1kQ1 24P/C 0.43
Numbers
QuarterCallsPutsP/C
Q2 2023$74.5k$405.2k5.44
Q3 2023$1.1m$1.8m1.59
Q4 2023$280.4k$391.5k1.40
Q1 2024$1.5m$656.1k0.43

Biggest buyers

AYAL Capital Advisors Ltd New +368,739+368.7k
STEEL PARTNERS HOLDINGS L.P. New +277,703+277.7k
DIMENSIONAL FUND ADVISORS LP Added +180,720+180.7k
FULLER & THALER ASSET MANAGEMENT, INC. New +124,650+124.7k
Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC New +117,070+117.1k
CITADEL ADVISORS LLC Added +92,655+92.7k
Empowered Funds, LLC Added +86,285+86.3k
Squarepoint Ops LLC New +85,723+85.7k
Covalent Partners LLC New +72,000+72.0k
VANGUARD GROUP INC Added +64,677+64.7k

Biggest sellers

EARNEST PARTNERS LLC Sold out -1,038,717-1.0m
First Eagle Investment Management, LLC Sold out -187,774-187.8k
Nuveen Asset Management, LLC Reduced -177,394-177.4k
MARSHALL WACE, LLP Reduced -173,911-173.9k
MILLENNIUM MANAGEMENT LLC Reduced -113,634-113.6k
MORGAN STANLEY Reduced -112,300-112.3k
Boston Partners Sold out -109,638-109.6k
WASATCH ADVISORS LP Reduced -106,726-106.7k
ACADIAN ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC Sold out -94,085-94.1k
Roubaix Capital, LLC Sold out -82,577-82.6k

Biggest calls

SUSQUEHANNA INTERNATIONAL GROUP, LLP New $863.4k44.3k shares
CITADEL ADVISORS LLC Added $590.5k30.3k shares
SIMPLEX TRADING, LLC New $46.0k2.4k shares
GROUP ONE TRADING LLC Added $42.9k2.2k shares
CONCOURSE FINANCIAL GROUP SECURITIES, INC. Unchanged $00 shares

Biggest puts

CITADEL ADVISORS LLC Reduced $306.0k15.7k shares
SUSQUEHANNA INTERNATIONAL GROUP, LLP New $304.0k15.6k shares
GROUP ONE TRADING LLC Added $35.1k1.8k shares
SIMPLEX TRADING, LLC New $11.0k600 shares
CONCOURSE FINANCIAL GROUP SECURITIES, INC. Unchanged $00 shares

Options at notional value: the value of the shares the contracts control, as filers report them, not what the options cost. Not included in the holders, shares or buying above.

Major shareholders (over 5%)

Anyone who owns more than 5% of a class of the company's shares has to say so: on Schedule 13D if they may try to influence or control the company, on 13G if they're a passive investor, and update it as the stake changes. Each holder's latest filing, from 19 Dec 2024 on; percentages are of the share class, as the holder worked them out.

HolderStakeChangeShares Last filed
AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL INC 13G · institution new · filed 2026-08-14 6.5% new 1.3m≈ $7.7m 2026-08-14
Steel Connect LLC 13D · may seek influence -1.5 pts · filed 2026-02-24 5.8% -1.5 pts 1.2m≈ $6.9m 2026-02-24

Fell to 5% or below in the last year: BlackRock, Inc. (1.9%, 2026-07-28), COOKE & BIELER LP (3.6%, 2026-05-13), VANGUARD GROUP INC (0.0%, 2026-03-26)

Insider purchases and sales in Q1 2024

Shares bought or sold by the company's own officers, directors and 10% owners, in the open market or privately, as they reported to the SEC on Form 4 (due within two business days of the trade). Grants, option exercises, shares withheld for tax and gifts aren't included.

Officers and directors buying vs selling

Number of people, by quarter (10% owners not included)

BuyingSelling
101Q2 22: 0 buyingQ2 22: 1 sellingQ3 22: 1 buyingQ3 22: 0 sellingQ3 22Q4 22: 0 buyingQ4 22: 0 sellingQ1 23: 0 buyingQ1 23: 0 sellingQ1 23Q2 23: 0 buyingQ2 23: 1 sellingQ3 23: 0 buyingQ3 23: 1 sellingQ3 23Q4 23: 1 buyingQ4 23: 0 sellingQ1 24: 0 buyingQ1 24: 0 sellingQ1 24
Numbers
QuarterBuyingBoughtSellingSoldSold under a plan
Q2 20220—1$342.4k—
Q3 20221$187.5k0——
Q4 20220—0——
Q1 20230—0——
Q2 20230—1$32.2k—
Q3 20230—1$91.8k—
Q4 20231$82.0k0——
Q1 20240—0——

None reported in Q1 2024.

Holders, Q1 2024

#ManagerLocationShares Value% of their portfolioChangeShares change
1 COOKE & BIELER LP 0.33% of their portfolio PHILADELPHIA, PA 1,817,4081.8m $35.4m $35.4m 0.33% Reduced -53.6k -53,620
2 BlackRock Inc. 0.00% of their portfolio New York, NY 1,539,7351.5m $30.0m $30.0m 0.00% Reduced -23.9k -23,950
3 VANGUARD GROUP INC 0.00% of their portfolio Valley Forge, PA 1,259,6691.3m $24.6m $24.6m 0.00% Added +64.7k +64,677
4 DIMENSIONAL FUND ADVISORS LP 0.00% of their portfolio AUSTIN, TX 943,292943.3k $18.4m $18.4m 0.00% Added +180.7k +180,720
5 KENNEDY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC 0.25% of their portfolio ST LOUIS, MO 634,371634.4k $12.4m $12.4m 0.25% Added +49.8k +49,849
6 STATE STREET CORP 0.00% of their portfolio BOSTON, MA 582,991583.0k $11.4m $11.4m 0.00% Added +921 +921
7 Cerity Partners LLC 0.03% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 552,406552.4k $10.8m $10.8m 0.03% Added +948 +948
8 GEODE CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC 0.00% of their portfolio BOSTON, MA 435,826435.8k $8.5m $8.5m 0.00% Added +6.0k +6,041
9 PRUDENTIAL FINANCIAL INC 0.01% of their portfolio NEWARK, NJ 429,116429.1k $8.4m $8.4m 0.01% Added +34.9k +34,922
10 WELLINGTON MANAGEMENT GROUP LLP 0.00% of their portfolio Boston, MA 402,801402.8k $7.9m $7.9m 0.00% Added +23.7k +23,673
11 WASATCH ADVISORS LP 0.04% of their portfolio SALT LAKE CITY, UT 388,797388.8k $7.6m $7.6m 0.04% Reduced -106.7k -106,726
12 AYAL Capital Advisors Ltd 5.16% of their portfolio Toronto, A6 368,739368.7k $7.2m $7.2m 5.16% New
13 HUNTER ASSOCIATES INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT LLC 1.12% of their portfolio PITTSBURGH, PA 342,268342.3k $6.7m $6.7m 1.12% Added +16.0k +16,025
14 ROYCE & ASSOCIATES LP 0.06% of their portfolio New York, NY 337,941337.9k $6.6m $6.6m 0.06% Added +2.2k +2,219
15 Pacific Ridge Capital Partners, LLC 1.33% of their portfolio LAKE OSWEGO, OR 311,493311.5k $6.1m $6.1m 1.33% Added +42.4k +42,422
16 STEEL PARTNERS HOLDINGS L.P. 12.17% of their portfolio New York, NY 277,703277.7k $5.4m $5.4m 12.17% New
17 FRANKLIN RESOURCES INC 0.00% of their portfolio San Mateo, CA 236,104236.1k $4.6m $4.6m 0.00% Added +23.0k +23,013
18 GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 228,747228.7k $4.5m $4.5m 0.00% Added +60.8k +60,752
19 MORGAN STANLEY 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 224,718224.7k $4.4m $4.4m 0.00% Reduced -112.3k -112,300
20 Manatuck Hill Partners, LLC 1.71% of their portfolio WESTPORT, CT 200,000200.0k $3.9m $3.9m 1.71% Added +55.9k +55,871
21 NORTHERN TRUST CORP 0.00% of their portfolio CHICAGO, IL 197,221197.2k $3.8m $3.8m 0.00% Reduced -3.7k -3,715
22 CITADEL ADVISORS LLC 0.00% of their portfolio MIAMI, FL 197,062197.1k $3.8m $3.8m 0.00% Added +92.7k +92,655
23 VAN DEN BERG MANAGEMENT I, INC 1.04% of their portfolio AUSTIN, TX 181,586181.6k $3.5m $3.5m 1.04% Added +2.2k +2,183
24 Empowered Funds, LLC 0.03% of their portfolio NEWTOWN SQUARE, PA 160,670160.7k $3.1m $3.1m 0.03% Added +86.3k +86,285
25 BRIDGEWAY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC 0.06% of their portfolio HOUSTON, TX 160,335160.3k $3.1m $3.1m 0.06% Added +6.0k +5,950
26 CHARLES SCHWAB INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT INC 0.00% of their portfolio SAN FRANCISCO, CA 156,342156.3k $3.0m $3.0m 0.00% Added +5.8k +5,812
27 Nuveen Asset Management, LLC 0.00% of their portfolio CHICAGO, IL 139,116139.1k $2.7m $2.7m 0.00% Reduced -177.4k -177,394
28 PANAGORA ASSET MANAGEMENT INC 0.01% of their portfolio BOSTON, MA 132,123132.1k $2.6m $2.6m 0.01% Added +3.6k +3,633
29 D. E. Shaw & Co., Inc. 0.00% of their portfolio New York, NY 125,840125.8k $2.5m $2.5m 0.00% Reduced -28.5k -28,491
30 FULLER & THALER ASSET MANAGEMENT, INC. 0.01% of their portfolio SAN MATEO, CA 124,650124.7k $2.4m $2.4m 0.01% New
31 Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC 0.02% of their portfolio PHILADELPHIA, PA 117,070117.1k $2.3m $2.3m 0.02% New
32 RICE HALL JAMES & ASSOCIATES, LLC 0.12% of their portfolio San Diego, CA 110,970111.0k $2.2m $2.2m 0.12% Added +757 +757
33 LOS ANGELES CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC 0.01% of their portfolio LOS ANGELES, CA 104,607104.6k $2.0m $2.0m 0.01% Reduced -6.0k -6,028
34 Bridge City Capital, LLC 0.70% of their portfolio LAKE OSWEGO, OR 98,58698.6k $1.9m $1.9m 0.70% Added +2.6k +2,632
35 JPMORGAN CHASE & CO 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 97,76097.8k $1.9m $1.9m 0.00% Added +23.9k +23,864
36 RENAISSANCE TECHNOLOGIES LLC 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 95,66895.7k $1.9m $1.9m 0.00% Reduced -6.6k -6,600
37 Invesco Ltd. 0.00% of their portfolio ATLANTA, GA 92,22392.2k $1.8m $1.8m 0.00% Added +56.0k +55,960
38 Squarepoint Ops LLC 0.01% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 85,72385.7k $1.7m $1.7m 0.01% New
39 AQR CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC 0.00% of their portfolio Greenwich, CT 83,43783.4k $1.6m $1.6m 0.00% Added +8.0k +7,987
40 Bank of New York Mellon Corp 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 82,97483.0k $1.6m $1.6m 0.00% Reduced -6.7k -6,709
41 TWO SIGMA ADVISERS, LP 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 81,40081.4k $1.6m $1.6m 0.00% Reduced -48.8k -48,800
42 ICON ADVISERS INC/CO 0.31% of their portfolio GREENWOOD VILLAGE, CO 75,00075.0k $1.4m $1.4m 0.31% Reduced -75.0k -75,000
43 Covalent Partners LLC 10.74% of their portfolio CONCORD, MA 72,00072.0k $1.4m $1.4m 10.74% New
44 DEUTSCHE BANK AG\ 0.00% of their portfolio FRANKFURT AM MAIN, 2M 64,57464.6k $1.3m $1.3m 0.00% Added +9.1k +9,123
45 TWO SIGMA INVESTMENTS, LP 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 61,80861.8k $1.2m $1.2m 0.00% Reduced -42.9k -42,854
46 MILLENNIUM MANAGEMENT LLC 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 58,10058.1k $1.1m $1.1m 0.00% Reduced -113.6k -113,634
47 FIRST TRUST ADVISORS LP 0.00% of their portfolio Wheaton, IL 56,00056.0k $1.1m $1.1m 0.00% Added +1.7k +1,693
48 BANK OF AMERICA CORP /DE/ 0.00% of their portfolio CHARLOTTE, NC 55,62555.6k $1.1m $1.1m 0.00% Added +14.4k +14,424
49 CREDIT SUISSE AG/ 0.00% of their portfolio ZURICH, V8 52,29352.3k $1.0m $1.0m 0.00% Added +2.4k +2,369
50 MARSHALL WACE, LLP 0.00% of their portfolio LONDON, X0 42,53442.5k $829.0k $829.0k 0.00% Reduced -173.9k -173,911
51 Union Square Park Capital Management, LLC 1.50% of their portfolio New York, NY 40,81040.8k $795.4k $795.4k 1.50% New
52 Swiss National Bank 0.00% of their portfolio ZURICH, V8 39,00039.0k $760.1k $760.1k 0.00% Unchanged
53 ALGERT GLOBAL LLC 0.03% of their portfolio SAN FRANCISCO, CA 37,30037.3k $727.0k $727.0k 0.03% Unchanged
54 NEW YORK STATE COMMON RETIREMENT FUND 0.00% of their portfolio ALBANY, NY 36,31836.3k $707.8k $707.8k 0.00% Unchanged
55 RHUMBLINE ADVISERS 0.00% of their portfolio BOSTON, MA 30,34030.3k $591.3k $591.3k 0.00% Added +639 +639
56 Gratus Capital, LLC 0.03% of their portfolio ATLANTA, GA 30,00030.0k $584.7k $584.7k 0.03% New
57 UBS AM, a distinct business unit of UBS ASSET MANAGEMENT AMERICAS LLC 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 29,49929.5k $574.9k $574.9k 0.00% Added +6.1k +6,051
58 AMERICAN CENTURY COMPANIES INC 0.00% of their portfolio KANSAS CITY, MO 26,89426.9k $524.2k $524.2k 0.00% Added +6.1k +6,084
59 Engineers Gate Manager LP 0.01% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 26,29026.3k $512.4k $512.4k 0.01% Added +14.4k +14,353
60 Legato Capital Management LLC 0.06% of their portfolio San Francisco, CA 25,74225.7k $501.7k $501.7k 0.06% Unchanged
61 UBS Group AG 0.00% of their portfolio ZURICH, V8 24,48224.5k $477.2k $477.2k 0.00% Reduced -2.7k -2,653
62 SUSQUEHANNA INTERNATIONAL GROUP, LLP 0.00% of their portfolio BALA CYNWYD, PA 23,71423.7k $462.2k $462.2k 0.00% Reduced -42.2k -42,186
63 Ensign Peak Advisors, Inc 0.00% of their portfolio SALT LAKE CITY, UT 21,08621.1k $411.0k $411.0k 0.00% Reduced -1.1k -1,064
64 Nebula Research & Development LLC 0.09% of their portfolio New York, NY 20,49720.5k $399.5k $399.5k 0.09% New
65 PRICE T ROWE ASSOCIATES INC /MD/ 0.00% of their portfolio BALTIMORE, MD 20,14520.1k $393.0k $393.0k 0.00% Added +951 +951
66 CALIFORNIA STATE TEACHERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM 0.00% of their portfolio WEST SACRAMENTO, CA 19,73419.7k $384.6k $384.6k 0.00% Reduced -1.1k -1,099
67 Legal & General Group Plc 0.00% of their portfolio London, X0 19,31619.3k $376.5k $376.5k 0.00% Added +4.4k +4,386
68 AlphaQuest LLC 0.06% of their portfolio New York, NY 18,95319.0k $369.4k $369.4k 0.06% Added +17.7k +17,682
69 STIFEL FINANCIAL CORP 0.00% of their portfolio ST. LOUIS, MO 18,30218.3k $356.7k $356.7k 0.00% Added +2.9k +2,936
70 ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P. 0.00% of their portfolio NASHVILLE, TN 18,06018.1k $352.0k $352.0k 0.00% Reduced -2.2k -2,240
71 BARCLAYS PLC 0.00% of their portfolio LONDON, X0 17,64117.6k $343.8k $343.8k 0.00% Reduced -13.1k -13,099
72 AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL INC 0.00% of their portfolio MINNEAPOLIS, MN 17,40417.4k $339.2k $339.2k 0.00% Reduced -501 -501
73 Y-Intercept (Hong Kong) Ltd 0.03% of their portfolio HONG KONG, K3 17,39817.4k $339.1k $339.1k 0.03% New
74 Russell Investments Group, Ltd. 0.00% of their portfolio Seattle, WA 16,68516.7k $325.2k $325.2k 0.00% Reduced -51.0k -50,998
75 Verition Fund Management LLC 0.00% of their portfolio GREENWICH, CT 16,26416.3k $317.0k $317.0k 0.00% Added +1.2k +1,200
76 Catalyst Funds Management Pty Ltd 0.08% of their portfolio SYDNEY NSW, C3 14,69014.7k $286.3k $286.3k 0.08% First filing
77 Point72 Asia (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. 0.07% of their portfolio SINGAPORE, U0 13,06313.1k $254.6k $254.6k 0.07% New
78 OSAIC HOLDINGS, INC. 0.00% of their portfolio SCOTTSDALE, AZ 12,05412.1k $234.9k $234.9k 0.00% Reduced -4.5k -4,489
79 Palouse Capital Management, Inc. 0.15% of their portfolio SPOKANE, WA 11,60511.6k $226.2k $226.2k 0.15% New
80 CORSAIR CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, L.P. 0.05% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 10,00010.0k $194.9k $194.9k 0.05% New
81 STATE BOARD OF ADMINISTRATION OF FLORIDA RETIREMENT SYSTEM 0.00% of their portfolio TALLAHASSEE, FL 9,95710.0k $218.8k $218.8k 0.00% New
82 VICTORY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT INC 0.00% of their portfolio San Antonio, TX 9,9399.9k $193.7k $193.7k 0.00% Added +3.9k +3,912
83 BNP PARIBAS FINANCIAL MARKETS 0.00% of their portfolio PARIS, I0 9,7839.8k $190.7k $190.7k 0.00% Added +4.0k +3,974
84 AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL GROUP, INC. 0.00% of their portfolio New York, NY 9,6259.6k $187.6k $187.6k 0.00% Reduced -83 -83
85 Qube Research & Technologies Ltd 0.00% of their portfolio LONDON, X0 9,5259.5k $185.6k $185.6k 0.00% Reduced -21.0k -21,038
86 Cubist Systematic Strategies, LLC 0.00% of their portfolio STAMFORD, CT 9,4549.5k $184.3k $184.3k 0.00% New
87 Quantbot Technologies LP 0.01% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 7,2327.2k $141.0k $141.0k 0.01% Added +2.3k +2,277
88 ROYAL BANK OF CANADA 0.00% of their portfolio TORONTO, A6 6,8086.8k $134.0k $134.0k 0.00% Reduced -5.9k -5,861
89 MetLife Investment Management, LLC 0.00% of their portfolio Whippany, NJ 6,7656.8k $131.8k $131.8k 0.00% Reduced -4.0k -4,047
90 WELLS FARGO & COMPANY/MN 0.00% of their portfolio SAN FRANCISCO, CA 6,5786.6k $128.2k $128.2k 0.00% Reduced -43.8k -43,813
91 EntryPoint Capital, LLC 0.08% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 4,7074.7k $91.7k $91.7k 0.08% Reduced -4.9k -4,940
92 CITIGROUP INC 0.00% of their portfolio NEW YORK, NY 4,0464.0k $78.9k $78.9k 0.00% Added +754 +754
93 STRS OHIO 0.00% of their portfolio COLUMBUS, OH 3,9003.9k $76.0k $76.0k 0.00% Reduced -300 -300
94 Covestor Ltd 0.04% of their portfolio LONDON, X0 3,2193.2k $63.0k $63.0k 0.04% Added +48 +48
95 SIMPLEX TRADING, LLC 0.00% of their portfolio CHICAGO, IL 3,1643.2k $61.0k $61.0k 0.00% Added +1.4k +1,371
96 Zurcher Kantonalbank (Zurich Cantonalbank) 0.00% of their portfolio ZURICH, V8 2,6812.7k $52.3k $52.3k 0.00% Unchanged
97 CANADA LIFE ASSURANCE Co 0.00% of their portfolio WINNIPEG, A2 2,3282.3k $45.0k $45.0k 0.00% Reduced -7.4k -7,387
98 Ameritas Investment Partners, Inc. 0.00% of their portfolio LINCOLN, NE 1,9261.9k $37.5k $37.5k 0.00% Unchanged
99 NEW YORK STATE TEACHERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM 0.00% of their portfolio ALBANY, NY 1,7341.7k $34.0k $34.0k 0.00% Unchanged
100 FMR LLC 0.00% of their portfolio BOSTON, MA 1,7081.7k $33.3k $33.3k 0.00% Reduced -298 -298